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Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes
Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes (; 1759–1845) was a French merchant-trader, ambassador and scholar, born in Paris. He was the son of French academician and sinologue, Joseph de Guignes. He learned Chinese from his father, and then traveled to China where he stayed for the next 17 years and returned to France in 1801.
== At court of the Qianlong Emperor ==
In 1794-95, de Guignes served as interpreter for Isaac Titsingh, the Dutch ambassador to the court of the Qianlong Emperor of China.〔Duyvendak, J.J.L. (1937). 'The Last Dutch Embassy to the Chinese Court (1794-1795).' ''T'oung Pao'' 33:1-137.〕
Titsingh travelled to Peking (Beijing) for celebrations of the sixtieth anniversary of the Emperor's reign. The Titsingh delegation also included the Dutch-American Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest,〔van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1797). ''Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795;'' see also 1798 English translation: (''An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1794 and 1795,'' ) Vol. I.〕 whose description of this embassy to the Chinese court were soon published in the U.S. and Europe. In the year following the emperor's rebuff to the British mission headed by Lord George Macartney, Titsingh and his colleagues were much feted by the Chinese because of what was construed as seemly compliance with conventional court etiquette. The members of the Titsingh mission, including de Guignes, were the last European diplomats to savour the mid-winter splendor of the vast Summer Palace (the ''Yuangmingyuan'', now known as Old Summer Palace) before its destruction by the Lord Elgin's troops during the punitive Second Opium War in 1860.〔van Braam, ''An authentic account...,'' Vol. I (1798 English edition) pp. 283-284.〕
In 1808, de Guignes published his account of the Titsingh mission, which provided an alternate perspective and a useful counterpoint to other reports which were then circulating.〔de Guignes, C.-L.-J. (1808). ''Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France.'' Paris.〕 Neither the Europeans nor the Chinese could have known that the Titsingh embassy would turn out to have been the last occasion in which any European appeared before the Chinese Court within the context of traditional Chinese imperial foreign relations.〔O'Neil, Patricia O. (1995). ''Missed Opportunities: Late 18th Century Chinese Relations with England and the Netherlands.'' (dissertation, University of Washington )〕
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